What is Free Evolution?
Free evolution is the notion that the natural processes of organisms can cause them to develop over time. This includes the emergence and development of new species.
A variety of examples have been provided of this, such as different varieties of stickleback fish that can live in either salt or fresh water, and walking stick insect varieties that prefer particular host plants. These mostly reversible traits permutations are not able to explain fundamental changes to basic body plans.
Evolution through Natural Selection
Scientists have been fascinated by the development of all the living creatures that inhabit our planet for centuries. The most well-known explanation is Charles Darwin's natural selection process, an evolutionary process that is triggered when more well-adapted individuals live longer and reproduce more successfully than those that are less well adapted. As time passes, the number of individuals who are well-adapted grows and eventually develops into an entirely new species.
Natural selection is an ongoing process and involves the interaction of three factors: variation, reproduction and inheritance. Sexual reproduction and mutations increase genetic diversity in a species. Inheritance refers to the passing of a person's genetic traits to his or her offspring which includes both recessive and dominant alleles. Reproduction is the process of creating fertile, viable offspring. This can be done through sexual or asexual methods.
All of these elements must be in harmony to allow natural selection to take place. If, for example an allele of a dominant gene makes an organism reproduce and live longer than the recessive gene allele, then the dominant allele will become more common in a population. If the allele confers a negative advantage to survival or reduces the fertility of the population, it will go away. The process is self reinforcing, which means that an organism that has an adaptive characteristic will live and reproduce more quickly than those with a maladaptive feature. The more fit an organism is as measured by its capacity to reproduce and endure, is the higher number of offspring it produces. Individuals with favorable traits, like having a longer neck in giraffes and bright white patterns of color
에볼루션 게이밍 in male peacocks are more likely to survive and have offspring, which means they will make up the majority of the population in the future.
Natural selection only acts on populations, not individual organisms. This is an important distinction from the Lamarckian theory of evolution, which argues that animals acquire characteristics through use or neglect. If a giraffe expands its neck in order to catch prey, and the neck becomes larger,
에볼루션 게이밍 then its offspring will inherit this characteristic. The differences in neck size between generations will continue to grow until the giraffe becomes unable to reproduce with other giraffes.
Evolution by Genetic Drift
Genetic drift occurs when alleles of the same gene are randomly distributed in a population. At some point, only one of them will be fixed (become widespread enough to not more be eliminated through natural selection) and the other alleles decrease in frequency. This could lead to dominance in the extreme. The other alleles are eliminated, and heterozygosity is reduced to zero. In a small population this could lead to the complete elimination of recessive gene. Such a scenario would be known as a bottleneck effect and it is typical of the kind of evolutionary process that takes place when a lot of individuals migrate to form a new group.
A phenotypic bottleneck can also occur when survivors of a disaster such as an outbreak or mass hunting event are confined to a small area. The surviving individuals will be largely homozygous for the dominant allele, meaning that they all have the same phenotype and therefore have the same fitness characteristics. This may be the result of a war,
에볼루션 게이밍 an earthquake or even a disease. The genetically distinct population, if it remains vulnerable to genetic drift.
Walsh, Lewens and Ariew define drift as a departure from expected values due to differences in fitness. They provide the famous case of twins who are both genetically identical and have exactly the same phenotype. However, one is struck by lightning and dies, but the other is able to reproduce.
This kind of drift can be very important in the evolution of an entire species. But, it's not the only method to evolve. The main alternative is a process known as natural selection, where phenotypic variation in a population is maintained by mutation and migration.
Stephens asserts that there is a big distinction between treating drift as a force or an underlying cause, and considering other causes of evolution such as mutation, selection and migration as causes or
무료에볼루션 causes. He claims that a causal mechanism account of drift permits us to differentiate it from other forces, and that this distinction is essential. He also argues that drift has both an orientation,
에볼루션 게이밍 i.e., it tends towards eliminating heterozygosity. It also has a size, which is determined based on population size.
Evolution through Lamarckism
Students of biology in high school are often introduced to Jean-Baptiste Lemarck's (1744-1829) work. His theory of evolution, often referred to as "Lamarckism" which means that simple organisms evolve into more complex organisms by adopting traits that result from the organism's use and misuse. Lamarckism is typically illustrated with a picture of a giraffe extending its neck further to reach higher up in the trees. This would cause giraffes to pass on their longer necks to offspring, who then get taller.
Lamarck Lamarck, a French Zoologist, introduced an idea that was revolutionary in his opening lecture at the Museum of Natural History of Paris. He challenged the previous thinking on organic transformation. In his view living things had evolved from inanimate matter via an escalating series of steps. Lamarck was not the only one to suggest that this could be the case but the general consensus is that he was the one having given the subject its first general and thorough treatment.
The most popular story is that Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection and Lamarckism fought in the 19th Century. Darwinism eventually won and led to the creation of what biologists today call the Modern Synthesis. The theory argues that acquired traits are passed down from generation to generation and instead, it claims that organisms evolve through the selective action of environment factors, such as Natural Selection.
Lamarck and his contemporaries endorsed the notion that acquired characters could be passed down to the next generation. However, this idea was never a major part of any of their theories on evolution. This is due to the fact that it was never tested scientifically.
It has been more than 200 year since Lamarck's birth, and in the age genomics,
에볼루션 바카라 체험 there is a growing evidence base that supports the heritability acquired characteristics. This is also known as "neo Lamarckism", or more generally epigenetic inheritance. It is a form of evolution that is just as valid as the more well-known Neo-Darwinian model.
Evolution by the process of adaptation
One of the most common misconceptions about evolution is its being driven by a struggle to survive. This notion is not true and overlooks other forces that drive evolution. The struggle for existence is more accurately described as a struggle to survive in a specific environment. This can include not just other organisms but also the physical environment itself.